On 23 June 1996, the Sunday Telegraph reported about a "secret multi-million-pound deal with the Indian government which will supply banned materials used to manufacture poison gas." Under the deal, India will build a sophisticate chemical plant at Qazvin, which will be used produce phosphorous pentasulfide, a dual-use chemical that could be used to produce chemical weapons. Has India built dual-use chemical production plants in Iran? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/index.htm.txt Don't know. A contract to build something does not necessarily entail that the thing was built. On 23 June 1996, the Sunday Telegraph reported about a "secret multi-million-pound deal with the Indian government which will supply banned materials used to manufacture poison gas." Under the deal, India will build a sophisticate chemical plant at Qazvin, which will be used produce phosphorous pentasulfide, a dual-use chemical that could be used to produce chemical weapons. What dual-use chemical will be produced at the Indian-Iranian joint venture at Qazvin? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/index.htm.txt Sodium Cyanide. Sodium cyanide production is not precluded by phosphorous pentasulfide production In January-February 1997, China supplied Iran with 40,000 barrels of calcium hypochlorite, a chemical-biological-radiological decontamination agent.[26] Has China provided Iran with decontamination materials? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/index.htm.txt Yes. Providing any amount of decontamination materials entails that some decontamination materials were provided. Iran continues to deny any allegations that it is actively pursuing an offensive CW program. In 1996, it held the first regional seminar on the national implementation of the CWC in Tehran so that government authorities could familiarize themselves with their duties and obligations under the treaty. Has Iran denied developing CW? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/index.htm.txt No. Being one of the few countries in the world that has experienced chemical warfare (CW) on the battlefield, Iran ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997 Is Iran a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/index.htm.txt Yes. Only signatories can ratify a treaty. Desperate for hard currency to prop up its sickly regime, North Korea has demanded $1 billion a year from America to end its destabilising missile sales to countries such as Iran, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Pakistan. That demand was reportedly knocked down by the Clinton administration to a series of satellite launches and some food aid, but the potential deal still lacked a key component-how to verify that North Korea was honouring the bargain-when the Clinton team ran out of time. So missile sales still flourish. Does North Korean still export missiles? /data/www.ransac.org/Projects%2520and%2520Publications/News/Nuclear%2520News/2002/02_05_02.html Yes. Flourishing missile sales to other countries entails the ongoing exportation of missiles. Desperate for hard currency to prop up its sickly regime, North Korea has demanded $1 billion a year from America to end its destabilising missile sales to countries such as Iran, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Pakistan. That demand was reportedly knocked down by the Clinton administration to a series of satellite launches and some food aid, but the potential deal still lacked a key component-how to verify that North Korea was honouring the bargain-when the Clinton team ran out of time. So missile sales still flourish. Did the Clinton administration agree to send $1 billion a year to end the DPRK's missile sales? /data/www.ransac.org/Projects%2520and%2520Publications/News/Nuclear%2520News/2002/02_05_02.html Yes. Reducing demands implies that the original demands were not met. Desperate for hard currency to prop up its sickly regime, North Korea has demanded $1 billion a year from America to end its destabilising missile sales to countries such as Iran, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Pakistan. That demand was reportedly knocked down by the Clinton administration to a series of satellite launches and some food aid, but the potential deal still lacked a key component-how to verify that North Korea was honouring the bargain-when the Clinton team ran out of time. So missile sales still flourish. What countries has North Korea bought missiles from? /data/www.ransac.org/Projects%2520and%2520Publications/News/Nuclear%2520News/2002/02_05_02.html Iran, Syria, Libya, Egypt, Pakistan Countries don't usually buy and sell the same goods to the same countries. In October 2002, North Korea confirmed U.S. intelligence reports that it had a clandestine enriched uranium weapons program in violation of the Agreed Framework and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Has North Korea complied with the NPT? /CountryProfiles/NK/index.htm.txt No. A party that is in violation of an agreement cannot be in compliance with the agreement at the same time. In addition to aerial-delivered chemical ordnance (bombs, possibly other types of ordnance), DPRK military airfields (as of 1993) have posted a platoon of chemical defense personnel equipped decontamination and detection systems. Has North Korea taken steps to protect its military airfields from chemical weapons attacks? /CountryProfiles/NK/Chemical/51.htm.txt Yes. Posting CW personnel is one way to protect airfields (and airfield personnel) from CW attacks. The continued willingness of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People's Republic of China (PRC), and Russia to provide Iran with both missiles and missile-related technology that at the very least exceed the intentions of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). This has been complemented, to a lesser extent, by the willingness of other nations (e.g., Libya and Syria) to cooperate within the realm of ballistic missile development. What countries have provided Iran with ballistic missiles and missile-related technology? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Missile/3367.htm.txt Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), People's Republic of China (PRC), Russia The continued willingness of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People's Republic of China (PRC), and Russia to provide Iran with both missiles and missile-related technology that at the very least exceed the intentions of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). This has been complemented, to a lesser extent, by the willingness of other nations (e.g., Libya and Syria) to cooperate within the realm of ballistic missile development. What Middle Eastern countries have been collaborating with Iran to develop their own ballistic missiles? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Missile/3367.htm.txt Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), People's Republic of China (PRC), Russia DPRK, PRC, and Russia are not Middle Eastern countries However, DOD has no plans to help secure three other Russian nerve agent storage sites that store 65 percent of Russia's declared nerve agent stockpile. Does the US Department of Defense (DOD) plan to secure all of Russia's CW stockpiles? /nisprofs/russia/fulltext/gaorpts/d03482.pdf.txt No. Securing all stockpiles is equivalent to saying that 100% of stockpiles are secured. Many of the chemical weapons storage facilities lack a basic automatic alarm system to warn of dangerous levels of agent in the air. Hence, the greatest danger posed by Russia's CW stockpile is that people living near the storage sites will be exposed to these agents. Do Russia's chemical weapons facilities have systems to detect the accidental release of chemical weapons? /NP_Review/vol06/63/black63.pdf.txt No. Accidental release of CW is one way that dangerous levels of CW can put into the air. In 1986, the Soviet government constructed a demonstration destruction facility in Chapayevsk that utilized neutralization and incineration technology. The facility, which was designed to destroy 350 tons of nerve agent yearly utilizing hydrolysis followed by incineration, cost 50 million rubles and took more than three years to build. Has Russia built facilities for the disposal of chemical weapons in the past? /NP_Review/vol06/63/black63.pdf.txt No. A demonstration facility is a valid type of facility. Russia currently lacks the necessary capacity to dispose of its chemical munitions. Does Russia possess the infrastructure necessary to destroy chemical weapons? /NP_Review/vol06/63/black63.pdf.txt No. Having a capacity to do something implies having the infrastructure to do something. At Chapayevsk in the Samara Province, where lewisite and mustard gas were produced, tests performed in 19931994 reportedly found arsenic concentrations in the soil around the former plant to be 8,500 times the permissible concentration (two milligrams per kilogram); in areas of the surrounding town, they were two to ten times the permissible concentration. Is there evidence that Russia's chemical weapons programs have polluted Russia's environment? /NP_Review/vol06/63/black63.pdf.txt No. Pollution sometimes implies increase concentration of a pollutant. Arsenic is often a pollutant. Finally, and more importantly, Qadhafi has ordered kidnappings and both supported and employed international terrorism against Western nations. Has Libya sponsored acts of terrorism? /china/engdocs/dodproli/me_na.htm.txt Yes. Ordering, supporting, and employing terrorism are all ways to sponsor terrorism. Russian scientists familiar with Moscow's chemical warfare development program have been publicizing information on a new generation of agents, sometimes referred to as "Novichoks." These scientists report that these compounds, some of which are binaries, were designed to circumvent the CWC and to defeat Western detection and protection measures. Furthermore, it is claimed that their production can be hidden within commercial chemical plants. Is Russia producing chemical weapons that can be concealed easily? /china/engdocs/dodpro01.pdf.txt No. Weapons designed to circumvent detection were designed to be concealed. Concealing CW in commercial chemical plants is not considered to be difficult. Tehran continues to seek considerable production technology, training, expertise, equipment and chemicals from entities in Russia and China that could be used to help Iran reach its goal [of] an indigenous nerve agent production capability. Does Iran want to be a self-sufficient producer of CW? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Chemical/2340_2965.htm.txt Yes. An entity that has a goal of achieving a certain state wants to bring about that state. Early 1990s Iran reportedly acquires 120 tons of castor beans, used in the production of the toxin ricin. Is there evidence that Iran has attempted to produce ricin? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Biological/2308_2367.htm.txt No. Acquisition of a component of something is a necessary step in producing something. Iran has ratified the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) and publicly decried all forms of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). At the same time, it does have a very sophisticated biotechnology infrastructure that includes leading research facilities and trained personnel. It has also participated in several scientific exchanges with foreign experts. Does Iran have the infrastructure necessary to produce bioweapons? /CountryProfiles/Iran/Biological/2299.htm.txt Don't know. Having a biotechnology infrastructure does not always imply having the infrastructure necessary to produce BW. 8 January 1998 Iranian President Mohammad Khatami reaffirms his administration's desire to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He also declares that Iran is neither currently planning to build nuclear weapons nor will attempt to do so in the future, any nuclear technology will be applied to developing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. /CountryProfiles/Iran/Nuclear/1825_1875.htm.txt Has Iran offered to cooperate with the IAEA? Yes. Declaring to cooperate is one way to offer to cooperate. Russian officials do not deny research has continued but assert that it is for the purpose of developing defenses against chemical weapons, a purpose that is not banned by the CWC. Many of the components for new binary agents developed by the former Soviet Union are not on the CWC's schedules of chemicals and have legitimate civil applications, clouding their association with chemical weapons use. However, under the CWC, all chemical weapons are banned, whether or not they are on the CWC schedules. Is Russia still researching chemical weapons? /china/engdocs/dodprol2/fsu.htm.txt No. Researching CW can imply researching defenses against CW. Public affirmation that CW research is ongoing can be seen as confirmation of active CW research program Despite official statements by the governments of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus that they are opposed to proliferation of NBC weapons and missiles, some sales have and are taking place. Is Russia selling NBC weapons? /china/engdocs/dodprol2/fsu.htm.txt Don't know. No evidence in this passage links Russia specifically to sale of missiles. Libya has demonstrated a willingness to use its missile capabilities. In 1986, Qadhafi fired two Scuds at a U.S. facility on the Italian island of Lampedusa. This attack was conducted in retaliation for the U.S. bombing raid on Tripoli, which was carried out in the aftermath of Libyan terrorist activities in Germany. While the Scuds fell short of Lampedusa, they clearly illustrate how Qadhafi could use longer-range ballistic missiles to target NATO and Western interests in Europe and the Middle East. Has Libya used any of its ballistic missiles? /data/www.cdiss.org/col99apr27.htm Yes. Firing a ballistic missile is one way to use a ballistic missile. Iran has an ambitious missile program, with SCUD B, SCUD C, and CSS-8 (a Chinese surface-to-surface missile derived from a surface-to-air missile) missiles in its inventory. Having first acquired SCUD missiles from Libya and North Korea for use during the Iran-Iraq war, the Iranians are now able to produce the missile themselves. Does Iran produce SCUD missiles domestically? /china/engdocs/dodprol2/meafrica.htm.txt Yes. Iran first acquired SCUD-B ballistic missiles from Libya and North Korea and used them during the Iran-Iraq war. Did Libya have SCUD-B missiles? /china/engdocs/dodproli/me_na.htm.txt Yes. A country must have access to something before providing it to another country. Libya has tried, with limited success, to develop its own indigenous missile, and to extend the range of its aging SCUD force for many years under the Al Fatah and other missile programs. Has Libya developed its own domestic missile program? /china/engdocs/dodpro01.pdf.txt Don't know. Limited success may or may not imply a successful domestic missile program. Yet another delivery option would be to equip Libya's Su-24D "Fencer" advanced fighter aircraft with chemical bombs.77 Libya currently has only a primitive capability to refuel such aircraft in mid-air, although it could potentially strike at Israel Does Libya have other means of delivering chemical weapons besides from fighter aircraft? /NP_Review/vol04/43/sinai43.pdf.txt No. On the other hand, Libya has declined to join the Chemical Weapons Convention, which was opened for signature in January 1993 and entered into force on April 29, 1997 Has Libya ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention? /NP_Review/vol04/43/sinai43.pdf.txt No. Ratification implies that the entity has not declined to join the convention. Libya remains a significant proliferation concern. Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi has shown that he is willing and capable of using chemical weapons and missiles against his enemies. Would Libya use CW offensively? /china/engdocs/dodproli/me_na.htm.txt No. Willingness to use weapons against enemies implies that offensive use is likely. As with the other two plants, the Libyan government has claimed at various times that Tarhunah is a petrochemical complex or that the facility's tunnels are part of the Great Man-Made River Project to funnel water from Libya's southern acquifers to its coastal cities Does Libya acknowledge producing CW at its Tarhunah plant? NP_Review/vol04/43/sinai43.pdf.txt No. Claiming that Tarhunah is used for non-CW purposes implies that Libya has not acknowledged that it is a CW plant. Indeed, Libya has already resorted to chemical warfare on a small scale as an assymetric response to conventional military inferiority. In 1987, Libya's military operation in Chad was near defeat following a series of dramatic reversals. When Chadian forces, with French support, launched a surprise attack on a military base inside Libya, Qadhafi ordered his forces to attack the Chadian troops by dropping Iraniansupplied mustard gas bombs from a transport aircraft. Has Libya ever used chemical weapons? /NP_Review/vol04/43/sinai43.pdf.txt No. Mustard gas is a type of CW. Dropping bombs is one way to use CW. In April 1996, the U.S. announced that it had not ruled out using conventional weapons to stop Libya from completing what Washington claimed was a chemical weapons plant in Tarunah, near Tripoli. Libya has said the site is an irrigation project. Gaddafi said the missile would be developed to defend Libya against foreign aggression, including the threat of a nuclear attack. Has the U.S. threatened to take military action against Libya's chemical weapons facilities? /MissileAbstracts/1996/m9606169.htm.txt Yes. Use of conventional weapons is one way to take military action against a target. If so, security experts believe that Libya is several years away from acquiring a militarily significant indigenous BW capability. Libya?s government strongly denies acquiring or producing BW. Has Libya admitted having stockpiles of biological weapons? /CountryProfiles/e1_libya_1.html.txt Yes. Production and acquisition are the only two ways a country can build a stockpile of BW. Since the late 1980's, blister and nerve agents have been produced at Rabta, but the production rate has been low, and plant is not being utilized due to fear of attack. Is Libya currently producing nerve agents at its plant in Rabta? /MissileAbstracts/1997/m9707922.htm.txt Yes. Plants that are not being utilized cannot produce CW. Libya claims it will not sign the CWC as long as other countries in the region possess NBC weapons. Libya almost certainly will keep its chemical warfare program as long as Qadhafi remains in power. Is Libya expected to sign the CWC? /china/engdocs/dodproli/me_na.htm.txt No. Other countries possess NBC weapons. Other countries are not likely to give up their NBC weapon stockpiles.